Eurozone banks must prepare for the risk of funding sources becoming “more volatile” next year, said the region’s top banking supervisor as it warned lenders against complacency amid mounting geopolitical and economic risks.

The European Central Bank, which has been supervising the eurozone’s top banks since November 2014, said lenders weathered the high interest rates, market turmoil and economic strains of 2023 well and ended the year with “solid” capital and liquidity positions, but that big challenges remained.

“The resilience we are seeing should not lead to complacency as there are still significant uncertainties and downside risks,” Andrea Enria, the ECB’s outgoing head of supervision, said in his final press conference on Tuesday before he is replaced next month by German economist Claudia Buch.